Note: The answers to these questions are based on the 2017 NEC.
Underlined text indicates a change in the rule for the 2017 NEC.

Q1. What does the NEC mean by an auxiliary grounding electrode?
A1. Auxiliary electrodes are permitted, but they have no Code requirements since they serve no purpose related to electrical safety addressed by the NEC.

If an auxiliary electrode is installed, it’s not required to be bonded to the building grounding electrode system, required to have the grounding conductor sized to 250.66, or comply with the 25-ohm requirement of 250.53(A)(2) Ex.

CAUTION: An auxiliary electrode typically serves no useful purpose within the scope of the NEC and in some cases it may actually cause equipment failures by providing a path for lightning to travel through electronic equipment.

DANGER: Because the contact resistance of an electrode to the earth is so great, very little fault current returns to the power supply if the earth is the only fault current return path. Result—the circuit overcurrent protection device won’t open and clear the ground fault, and all metal parts associated with the electrical installation, metal piping, and structural building steel will become and remain energized.

Q2. What does the Code require for underground cables and raceways?
A2. Section 300.5(A) Minimum Burial Depths. When cables or raceways are installed underground, they must have a minimum “cover” in accordance with Table 300.5. Cover is defined in Note 1 at the bottom of this table.

Author’s Comment:
• The cover requirements contained in 300.5 don’t apply to signaling, communications, and other power‑limited wiring systems:
  •  Class 2 and 3 Circuits, 725.3
  •  Communications Cables and Raceways, 90.3
  •  Coaxial Cable, 90.3
  •  Fire Alarm Circuits, 760.3
  •  Optical Fiber Cables and Raceways, 770.3

(B) Wet Locations. The interior of enclosures or raceways installed in an underground installation are considered to be a wet location. Cables and insulated conductors installed in underground enclosures or raceways must comply with 310.10(C) requirements for the insulation of conductors and cables.

Author’s Comment:
• The definition of a “Wet Location” as contained in Article 100, includes installations underground, in concrete slabs in direct contact with the earth, locations subject to saturation with water, and unprotected locations exposed to weather. If raceways are installed in wet locations above grade, the interior of these raceways is also considered to be a wet location [300.9].

(C) Cables and Conductors Under Buildings. Cables and conductors installed under a building must be installed within a raceway that extends past the outside walls of the building.

Ex 2: Type MC Cable listed for direct burial is permitted under a building without installation within a raceway [330.10(A)(5)].

(D) Protecting Underground Cables and Conductors. Direct‑buried conductors and cables such as Types MC, UF, and USE installed underground must be protected from damage in accordance with (1) through (4).

(1) Emerging from Grade. Direct‑buried cables or conductors that emerge from grade must be installed in an enclosure or raceway to protect against physical damage. Protection isn’t required to extend more than 18 in. below grade, and protection above ground must extend to a height of not less than 8 ft.

(2) Conductors Entering Buildings. Underground conductors and cables that enter a building must be protected to the point of entrance.

(3) Service Conductors. Underground service conductors must have their location identified by a warning ribbon placed in the trench at least 12 in. above the underground conductor installation.

(4) Raceway Damage. Where a raceway is subject to physical damage, the conductors must be installed in EMT, RMC, IMC, RTRC‑XW, or Schedule 80 PVC conduit.

(E) Underground Splices and Taps. Direct‑buried conductors or cables can be spliced or tapped underground without a splice box [300.15(G)], if the splice or tap is made in accordance with 110.14(B).

(F) Backfill. Backfill material for underground wiring must not damage underground raceways, cables, or conductors.

Author’s Comment:
• Large rocks, chunks of concrete, steel rods, mesh, and other sharp‑edged objects aren’t permitted to be used for backfill material, because they can damage the underground conductors, cables, or raceways.

(G) Raceway Seals. If moisture could contact energized live parts from an underground raceway, including spare raceways, a seal identified for use with the cable or conductor insulation must be installed at either or both ends of the raceway [225.27 and 230.8].

Author’s Comment:
• This is a common problem for equipment located downhill from the supply, or in underground equipment rooms. See 230.8 for service raceway seals and 300.7(A) for different temperature area seals.

Informational Note: Hazardous explosive gases or vapors make it necessary to seal underground raceways that enter the building in accordance with 501.15.

Author’s Comment:
• It isn’t the intent of this Informational Note to imply that sealing fittings of the types required in hazardous locations be installed in unclassified locations, except as required in Chapter 5. This also doesn’t imply that the sealing material provides a watertight seal, but only that it prevents moisture from entering the raceways.

(H) Bushing. Raceways that terminate underground must have a bushing or fitting at the end of the raceway to protect emerging cables or conductors.

(I) Conductors Grouped Together. Underground conductors of the same circuit, including the equipment grounding conductor, must be inside the same raceway, or in close proximity to each other in the same trench. See 300.3(B).

Ex 1: Conductors can be installed in parallel in raceways, multiconductor cables, or direct‑buried single‑conductor cables. Each raceway or multiconductor cable must contain all conductors of the same circuit including the equipment grounding conductor. Each direct‑buried single‑conductor cable must be located in close proximity in the trench to the other single‑conductors cables in the same parallel set of conductors, including equipment grounding conductors.

Ex 2: Parallel circuit conductors installed in accordance with 310.10(H) of the same phase or neutral can be installed in underground PVC conduits, if inductive heating at raceway terminations is reduced by the use of aluminum locknuts and cutting a slot between the individual holes through which the conductors pass as required by 300.20(B).

Author’s Comment:
• Installing ungrounded and neutral conductors in different PVC conduits makes it easier to terminate larger parallel sets of conductors, but it will result in higher levels of electromagnetic fields (EMF).

(J) Earth Movement. Direct‑buried conductors, cables, or raceways that are subject to movement by settlement or frost must be arranged to prevent damage to conductors or equipment connected to the wiring.

Informational Note: “S” loops in underground direct burial cables and conductors, raceway expansion fittings, and flexible connections to equipment can serve this purpose.

(K) Directional Boring. Cables or raceways installed using directional boring equipment must be approved by the authority having jurisdiction for this purpose.

Author’s Comment:
• Directional boring technology uses a directional drill, which is steered continuously from point “A” to point “B.” When the drill head comes out of the earth at point “B,” it’s replaced with a back‑reamer and the duct or raceway being installed is attached to it. The size of the boring rig (hp, torque, and pull‑back power) comes into play, along with the types of soil, in determining the type of raceways required. For telecommunications work, multiple poly innerducts are pulled in at one time. At major crossings, such as expressways, railroads, or rivers, outerduct may be installed to create a permanent sleeve for the innerducts.
• “Innerduct” and “outerduct” are terms usually associated with optical fiber cable installations, while “unitduct” comes with factory installed conductors. Galvanized rigid metal conduit, Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 PVC, HDPE conduit, and nonmetallic underground conduit with conductors (NUCC) are common wiring methods used with directional boring installations.

Q3. Does the NEC require GFCI protection for a replacement of a non-GFCI receptacle in an existing building?
A3. When existing receptacles are replaced in locations where GFCI protection is currently required, the replacement receptacles must be GFCI protected [406.4(D)(3)].

Ex: Where receptacle replacement is impracticable, such as where the outlet box size won’t permit the installation of the GFCI receptacle, a GFCI‑protected grounding‑type receptacle marked “GFCI Protected” and “No Equipment Ground” is permitted.

Author's Comment:
• The GFCI protection required by 406.4(D)(3) can be accomplished by a GFCI circuit breaker for the entire circuit or an upstream GFCI receptacle but check other requirements in 406.4(D).